ABSTRACT
Virus invasion activates the host's innate immune response, inducing the production of numerous cytokines and interferons to eliminate pathogens. Except for viral DNA/RNA, viral proteins are also targets of pattern recognition receptors. Membrane-bound receptors such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10 relate to the recognition of viral proteins. Distinct TLRs perform both protective and detrimental roles for a specific virus. Here, we review viral proteins serving as pathogen-associated molecular patterns and their corresponding TLRs. These viruses are all enveloped, including respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C virus, measles virus, herpesvirus human immunodeficiency virus, and coronavirus, and can encode proteins to activate innate immunity in a TLR-dependent way. The TLR-viral protein relationship plays an important role in innate immunity activation. A detailed understanding of their pathways contributes to a novel direction for vaccine development.
Subject(s)
Immunity, Innate , Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/metabolism , Toll-Like Receptors/immunology , Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Virus Diseases/immunology , Viruses/immunology , Animals , HIV/immunology , HIV/metabolism , HIV/pathogenicity , Hepacivirus/immunology , Hepacivirus/metabolism , Hepacivirus/pathogenicity , Herpesviridae/immunology , Herpesviridae/metabolism , Herpesviridae/pathogenicity , Humans , Measles virus/immunology , Measles virus/metabolism , Measles virus/pathogenicity , Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/chemistry , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/metabolism , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/pathogenicity , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Viral Proteins/chemistry , Virus Diseases/virology , Viruses/metabolism , Viruses/pathogenicityABSTRACT
Respiratory viruses are known to be the most frequent causative mediators of lung infections in humans, bearing significant impact on the host cell signaling machinery due to their host-dependency for efficient replication. Certain cellular functions are actively induced by respiratory viruses for their own benefit. This includes metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, among others, which are modified during viral infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of metabolic pathway modifications mediated by the acute respiratory viruses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), coronavirus (CoV) and adenovirus (AdV), and highlight potential targets and compounds for therapeutic approaches.